Precision Farming: Can it Really Work?

Satellite soil maps, mini-robot sprayers, sensors that let soil speak straight to the farmer. Could precision farming help to feed our future without disrupting the environment?

By 2050 there will be an extra two billion people on the planet, bringing the total to almost 10 billion.¹ To feed the masses, the planet must produce ‘more food in the next four decades than all farmers in history have harvested over the past 8,000 years’.² There have been huge boosts in crop production before. Between 1961 and 2014, only 16 percent more land was used for cereals, but global cereal production increased by 280 percent.³ That’s thanks to intensive farming practices, fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides, mechanisation, and crop breeding. But these methods can only take us so far. 

It may be time for a new form of farming, known as precision farming. 

What is Precision Farming?

Precision farming is an approach to make farming more accurate and controlled. Information technology and specialised equipment, like remote-sensing devices, are used to collect and manage site-specific data. Farmers can then make optimal farming decisions about growing conditions, livestock, or crop treatment. In essence, technology is used to target farming practices more wisely. 

Here’s what it could do in agriculture:

1. Replacing huge machines with small robots

Crop fields have gotten bigger, and so have the machines that tend them. In the 1980s most US farms had less than 600 crop acres, yet in 2014 most farms have at least 1,100 acres, and many farms are five to 10 times that size.¹⁵ But, heavy tractors passing overhead – up to 31 tonnes - compacts the soil, squeezing out water and air. Compacted soil can become deep and widespread, making it difficult for plant roots to grow, reducing crop yields anywhere from 10 to 60 percent.⁴ 

Start-up companies such as the Small Robot Company in the UK are developing small, light robots to carry out the work of heavy machinery.⁵ At around 250 kilograms, they tread lightly and will test soil, fertilise, weed, and plant – one robot could cover a 20-hectare field in a day, or a whole farm in around two weeks. Farmers will be able to hire the robots from 2021.

2. Localise pesticide and fertiliser spraying

If you cut your finger, you probably wouldn’t take a bath of antiseptic. Yet farmers may drench entire crop fields with herbicide if they find just a few weeds, in order to stop spread. This is wasteful, and chemical runoff also enters the surrounding natural environment. A report by Goldman Sachs found 40 percent of farms are overfertilised.¹⁴

In precision farming, a robot’s camera detects the shape of weeds in a crop field and delivers tailored doses of herbicide. Sensors can also measure how much light a plant reflects – this shows how much nitrogen it has taken up. If it looks low, the robot will dose it with fertiliser. 

3. Soil Mapping

Farmers create physical maps of the types of soil across their farms. But mapping can be scaled up beyond individual farms. Launched this year, the first UK-wide soil map aims to cut costs of soil mapping in half.⁹ While Belarusian company OneSoil aims even further - producing digital, interactive maps to show global crop farming trends and markets, using AI to analyse satellite imagery.¹⁰

4. Low tech, low barrier solutions

Precision farming doesn’t have to mean buying the latest tech for farming. Farmers in low-income countries can access vital information from precision farming platforms, using cheap mobile phones. Examples include Kurima Mari, an app for farmers providing information on weather conditions and market updates in Zimbabwe, and Precision Agriculture for Development, which sends tailored advice to farmers in western Kenya via text message.^{11, 12}

Precision Farming in the Netherlands

Jacob van den Borne or ‘The Pope of potatoes’, is proving that precision farming is more than just a theory, it’s economically viable. Since 2006, he has been running his Netherlands based potato farm using precision technology.⁶ Since opting for precision tech, he has reduced consumption of water, fertilisers, pesticides and diesel, while boosting yield by one percent each year.⁷ Whereas most farmers dig up soil samples to measure soil chemistry and moisture, Van den Borne uses soil probes and sensors that transmit real-time data.

He plans planting, spraying and harvesting using a combination of GPS and ground sensors, called RTK-GPS, which can plot automatic driving routes for tractors to an accuracy of one cm.⁸ He is also investigating how to use drones in agriculture and has created his own experimental drone airport. Perhaps another nickname “the Elon Musk of potatoes” is more apt.

Does precision farming work?

Projected figures for the market value of precision farming - approximately 5.09 million U.S. dollars in 2018 to 9.53 billion U.S. dollars by 2023 - look enthusiastic.¹³ A 2016 report stated yield could be increased by 70 percent – almost the exact amount required to feed the projected population of 2050.¹⁴ But it will take a while to change longstanding farming practices, and farmers are wary of purchasing equipment which may not be used. Likewise, engineers want to build robots that are widely usable, rather than specialised robots for a specific crop.

Precision farming requires a lot of data to be sent and received. So, if you’ve ever wandered through a field, waving your phone in vain for mobile signal, you may guess poor connectivity across rural areas could still be a barrier. 

Finally, even with an increasing abundance of satellites, ground sensors and robotics, all the data is pretty useless unless it can be calculated with an appropriate AI and pulled together into one usable platform. Only this will give farmers more power to make successful decisions.

Does precision farming sound too good to be true? Let us know in the comments below!